Thermal analysis systems, encompassing Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), are used to study the physical and chemical properties of materials as a function of temperature. TGA measures weight changes, providing insights into decomposition, thermal stability, and volatile content. DSC and DTA measure heat flow and temperature differences, respectively, to characterize thermal transitions such as melting points, phase changes, glass transition temperatures, and heat capacity. These techniques are widely applied in geochemistry and materials science for analyzing geological samples like minerals, rocks, and coal, helping to understand their thermal behavior, composition, and reaction kinetics.